Intravenous valproate for acute treatment of migraine headache

ABSTRACT

The present invention features a novel therapy for effecting acute treatment of migraine headache. The therapy involves intravenous administration of valproate and is equal to and in some respects superior to previously-known therapies for abortive treatment of prolonged moderate to severe acute migraine headache.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/034,981, filed Dec. 27, 2001, entitled “Intravenous Valproate for Acute Treatment of Migraine Headache”, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/564,521, filed May 4, 2000 now abandoned, which claims the benefit of prior-filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/132,416, filed May 4, 1999. The content of the referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Migraine headache is a chronic and disabling condition affecting a significant portion of the population throughout the world. The pharmacologic management of migraine has traditionally focused on two approaches: symptomatic or acute treatment and prophylactic therapy. The objective of acute treatment is to reduce the intensity and duration of pain with its attendant symptoms and to optimize the patient's ability to function normally whereas the major objective of prophylactic therapy is the reduction of frequency, duration, and intensity of attacks.

A variety of treatment strategies are available for the prophylactic treatment of migraines including beta-blocking drugs (e.g., propranolol), amitriptyline, flunarizine, serotonin antagonists (e.g., methysergide) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., naproxen) are the major classes of agents that have been used in the prophylactic treatment of migraines. See e.g., Deleu et al (1998) Clin. Neuropharmacol. 21:267–79 for review. Strategies for the acute treatment of migraines are also known which generally involve the use of simple analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiemetics, narcotic analgesics, ergot derivatives, or serotonin-agonists, either alone or in combination. For example, dihydroergotamine (DHE) has been used for several decades for treatment of acute migraine headache and produces good relief in 70–80% of subjects at 2 hours after administration (Callaham and Raskin (1986) Headache 26;168–171). Sumatriptan produces similar efficacy, as do several newer serotonin 1B/1D receptor agonists (Cady et al. (1991) JAMA 265:2831–2835; Mathew et al. (1992) Arch Neurol. 49:1271–1276 and Rapoport (1997) Cephalalgia 17: 464–465).

However, a significant portion of migraine patients remain who either require narcotic analgesic treatment or who may have significant disability despite the use of non-narcotic analgesia. A large number of patients go to hospital emergency rooms for acute treatment of prolonged migraine headache (Klapper et al. (1991) 31:523–524). Many of those patients may have used an ergotamine or triptan so that use of DHE, injectable sumatriptan or other related compounds would be contraindicated. Also, cardiovascular risk factors limit the safety of triptan use or dihydroergotamine; the new DHE nasal spray (Migranal) carries the same warnings as the triptans. (Kelly (1995) Neurology 45:11–13; Maxalt:MSD, Ltd. (1998) Insert; and Physician's Desk Reference, 53 Edition, Medical Economics Comp. (1999) pp 2061). Finally, a number of patients presenting to the emergency room have associated analgesic rebound headache, with or without chronic daily headache, in which cases further analgesic use is problematic (Silberstein and Young (1995) Drug Saf. 13:133–144).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is based on the discovery of an effective acute treatment for migraines which involves intravenous injection of valproate sodium, also referred to herein according to its tradename, Depacon™. In particular, it has been discovered that intravenous valproate is an alternative therapy for abortive treatment of moderate to severe prolonged acute migraine headache.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The present invention describes the results of studies using intravenous valproate (“VPA”) for abortive treatment of acute migraine headache. The present studies were designed, in particular, to determine the possible effectiveness of intravenous administration of VPA for the treatment of acute migraine headache of significant duration. Accordingly, the invention provides methods of treating acute migraine headache in an subject in need of treatment. In one embodiment, the method involves administering to the subject an effective dose of intravenous valproate. Administration of intravenous valproate is preferably such that the severity and/or duration of acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced. Alternatively, administration is such that a symptom selected from the group consisting of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia is lessened or reduced. In a preferred embodiment, about 100 mg to 2000 mg valproate are administered to a subject. Preferably about 200 mg to 1500 mg are administered, more preferably about 300 mg to 1000 mg are administered, and even more preferably about 250 mg to 750 mg of valproate are administered. In a particularly preferred embodiment, about 500 mg valproate are administered to the subject. In another embodiment, the valproate administered to the subject is administered over 1 hour. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to a subject over 30 minutes. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to a subject over 30 minutes to 1 hour. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to a subject over 15 minutes to 30 minutes. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to a subject over 5 minutes to 15 minutes. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to a subject over 1 minute to 5 minutes. In yet another embodiment, the valproate is administered to the subject in more than one dose.

The invention is illustrated, in essence, by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLE 1 Pilot Study

This Example describes the results of a pilot study using intravenous valproate for abortive treatment of acute migraine headache.

-   Methods. Patients with established diagnosis of migraine with and     without aura were considered for randomization to intravenous (“IV”)     valproate (“VPA”) or intramuscular (“IM”) dihydroergotamine (“DHE”)     with metoclopramide, also referred to herein as Reglan®, for     patients with moderate to severe migraine headaches of duration of     24 to 96 hrs. Patients received intravenous infusion of 500 mgs of     valproate over 30 mins or 1 mg DHE with 10 mgs metoclopramide IM.     Headache severity, presence of nausea, phonophobia and photophobia     were rated at baseline, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs. Table I and II.     There were 5 patients in each group. -   Results. Of the 5 patients receiving valproate, 4 of the 5 had     response of their headaches from moderate or severe to none or mild     at 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs. Of the 5 patients receiving DHE, 3 of the     5 patients had headache response to moderate or severe to mild or     none at 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs. Table III. Of patients receiving     valproate, 4 of 5 had nausea at baseline, 1 had nausea at 1 and 2     hrs, and all had relief of nausea at 4 hrs. In the DHE group, 2 of 5     had nausea at baseline, and 1 had nausea at 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs.     Table IVa. In the valproate group, all had photophobia at baseline,     4 of 5 had relief of photophobia at 1 hr and 2 hrs, and all had     relief at 4 hrs. In the DHE group, 3 of 5 had relief of photophobia     at 1 hr, 4 of 5 had relief at 2 hrs and 4 hrs. In the valproate     group, 4 of 5 had relief of phonophobia at 1 hr, 2 hrs, and all had     relief at 4 hrs. In the DHE group, 2 of 5 had relief of phonophobia     at 1 hr, and 3 of 5 had relief of phonophobia at 2 hrs and 4 hrs.     Table IVb. -   Conclusions. Intravenous valproate is an alternative therapy for     abortive treatment of moderate to severe prolonged acute migraine     headache. Anti-convulsant mechanisms may be relevant to treatment of     headache symptomatology.

TABLE I DEPACON IV 500 MG Patient 0-h 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h JV Headache 3 0 0 0 0 Severity Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia + 0 0 0 0 KJ Headache 3 1 1 0 1 Severity Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + + + 0 0 Phonophobia + + + 0 0 LF Headache 2 1 1 1 2 Severity Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 + Phonophobia + 0 0 0 + PD Headache 2 0 1 2 2 Severity Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 + Photophobia + 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia 0 0 0 0 0 CH Headache 3 2 1 0 3 Severity Nausea/vomiting + + + 0 + Photophobia + 0 0 0 + Phonophobia + 0 0 0 +

TABLE II DHE 1 mg Reglan 10 mg Patient 0-h 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h DW Headache 3 2 2 2 Severity Nausea/vomiting + 0 + + Photophobia + + + + Phonophobia + 0 + + EM Headache 2 3 3 3 1 Severity Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + + + + 0 Phonophobia 0 + + + 0 JB Headache 3 0 0 1 1 Severity Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia + 0 0 0 0 AK Headache 3 1 N/D 0 0 Severity Nausea/vomiting 0 0 N/D 0 0 Photophobia + + N/D 0 0 Phonophobia + + N/D 0 0 CH Headache 3 0 0 0 2 Severity Nausea/vomiting + + + + + Photophobia + 0 0 0 + Phonophobia + 0 0 0 0

TABLE III % Headache Relief 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h Depacon 60 100 80 40 DHE/Reglan 60 50 60

TABLE IVa % Improvement of Migraine-associated Symptoms % experiencing nausea Depacon DHE  0-h 80 40  1-h 20 20  2-h 20 50  4-h 0 40 24-h 40

TABLE IVb Depacon DHE % experiencing photophobia  0-h 100 100  1-h 20 60  2-h 20 50  4-h 0 40 24-h 40 % experiencing phonphobia  0-h 80 80  1-h 20 40  2-h 20 50  4-h 0 40 24-h 40

EXAMPLE 2 Expanded Study

This Example describes an expanded study and analysis of the effectiveness of intravenous VPA for the treatment of acute migraine headache of significant duration. Patient data from the pilot study described in Example 1 has been incorporated and further analyzed in addition to new patient data.

-   Design. Twenty patients with moderate to severe headaches of 24–72     hours duration were seen at the Western New England Headache Clinic.     Patients alternately received intravenous VPA 500 mgs over 15–30     minutes, or dihydroergotamine (“DHE”) 1 mg with metoclopramide 10     mgs intramuscularly (“IM”). Age ranged from 22 to 73 years. Patients     rated severity of headache, presence or absence of nausea,     photophobia, and phonophobia at 1, 2 and 4 hrs. Table V and Table     VI. -   Results. In the 10 patients receiving DHE and metoclopramide, 40%     had headache relief at 1 hour, 50% at 2 hours, 60% at 4 hours. The     percent with nausea at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours was 60%, 10%, 20%, 30%     respectively, photophobia at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours 100%, 50%, 50%,     40% respectively, phonophobia at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours 80%, 30%, 50%,     40% respectively. In the 10 patients receiving i.v. VPA, 60% had     headache relief at 1 hour, 70% at 2 hours, 70% at 4 hours, the     percent with nausea at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours was 70%, 30% 30%, 20%     respectively, photophobia at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours was 100%, 40%,     40%, 30% respectively, and phonophobia at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours was     90%, 40%, 40%, 30% respectively. Table VII. -   Conclusions. The results of the present study indicate that     intravenous VPA is at least as efficacious as DHE for abortive     treatment of acute migraine. Accordingly, intravenous VPA offers a     treatment option for migraine headache patients who have recently     used a triptan or DHE without the risk of drug-drug interaction or     cardiovascular complications.

TABLE V DHE 1 mg IM Reglan 10 mg IM Headache Patient Duration 0-h 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h DW 24 hours Headache Severity 3 2 2 2 0 Nausea/vomiting − 0 − − 0 Photophobia − − − − 0 Phonophobia − 0 − − 0 EM 36 hours Headache Severity 2 3 3 3 1 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − − − − 0 Phonophobia 0 − − − 0 JB 24 hours Headache Severity 3 0 0 1 1 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia − 0 0 0 0 CH 72 hours Headache Severity 3 0 0 0 2 Nausea/vomiting − − − − − Photophobia − 0 0 0 − Phonophobia − 0 0 0 0 LH 72 hours Headache Severity 3 3 2 0 0 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + − + 0 0 Phonophobia + + + 0 0 GL 48 hours Headache Severity 3 2 2 2 1 Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + + + + 0 Phonophobia − − − − 0 CR 72 hours Headache Severity 3 0 0 0 1 Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia − 0 0 0 0 MM 72 hours Headache Severity 2 0 0 0 0 Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia + 0 0 0 0 JC 24 hours Headache Severity 2 2 3 3 1 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 − − 0 Photophobia − − − − 0 Phonophobia 0 0 − − 0 MJ 48 hours Headache Severity 2 2 1 1 1 Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 + Phonophobia − 0 0 0 −

TABLE VI Depacon IV 500 mg Headache Patient Duration 0-h 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h JV 24 hours Headache Severity 3 0 0 0 0 Nausea/vomiting − 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia − 0 0 0 0 KJ 48 hours Headache Severity 3 1 1 0 1 Nausea/vomiting − 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − − − 0 0 Phonophobia − − − 0 0 LF 48 hours Headache Severity 2 1 1 1 2 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − 0 0 0 + Phonophobia − 0 0 0 − PD 48 hours Headache Severity 2 0 1 2 2 Nausea/vomiting − 0 0 0 + Photophobia − 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia 0 0 0 0 0 CH 24 hours Headache Severity 3 2 1 0 3 Nausea/vomiting − − − 0 − Photophobia + 0 0 0 − Phonophobia + 0 0 0 + BL 72 hours Headache Severity 2 1 1 1 2 Nausea/vomiting + 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + + + + + Phonophobia + + + + + MMC 48 hours Headache Severity 3 3 2 2 1 Nausea/vomiting + + − + + Photophobia + + + + + Phonophobia + + + + + MC 24 hours Headache Severity 2 2 2 1 0 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia − 0 0 0 0 Phonophobia − 0 0 0 0 MJ 48 hours Headache Severity 2 1 1 1 1 Nausea/vomiting 0 0 0 0 0 Photophobia + 0 0 0 + Phonophobia + 0 0 0 + LH 48 hours Headache Severity 3 3 2 3 2 Nausea/vomiting + − − + + Photophobia − − − − + Phonophobia − − − − −

TABLE VII ANALYSIS % Headache Relief 1-h 2-h 4-h 24-h Depacon 60 70 70 50 DHE 40 50 60 90 % Improvement of Migraine-associated Symptoms Depacon DHE % experiencing Nausea  0-h 70 60  1-h 30 10  2-h 30 20  4-h 20 30 24-h 40 10 % experiencing Photophobia  0-h 100 100  1-h 40 50  2-h 40 50  4-h 30 40 24-h 60 20 % experiencing Phonophobia  0-h 90 80  1-h 40 30  2-h 40 50  4-h 30 40 24-h 60 10

EXAMPLE 3 Further Expanded Study

This Example describes a further expanded study and analysis of the effectiveness of intravenous VPA for the treatment of acute migraine headache of significant duration. Patient data from the study described in Examples 1 and 2 have been incorporated and further analyzed in addition to new patient data.

-   Design and Methods. Participants (N=40) were from age 14 to 74 and     were established patients of the Western New England Headache     Clinic. Patients called to report the pressure of prolonged moderate     to severe migraine. They had no evidence of conditions other than     migraine to cause headache and were medically stable. None of the     patients had a known allergy to Depacon™ or DHE; none was pregnant.     Patients received a neurological and general physical examination     and filled out a four grade baseline headache rating from developed     by Western New England Headache Clinic (see Table 2). The patients     then received either 500 mg Depacon™ over 15–30 minutes administered     in 100 ccs D5W, or 1 mg DHE intramuscularly preceded by 10 mg     metoclopramide intramuscularly. Headache severity and associated     symptomatology were rated 1, 2, and 4 hours.     Results.

A total of 40 patients were randomized, 20 in the Depacon™ group and 20 in the DHE group. Table VII summarizes the number of patients in each group by severity of headache (moderate or severe), demographic data and medication assignment.

Table VIII shows respond rate and headache severity for baseline, 1, 2 and 4 hours.

Table IX shows the associated symptomatology experienced at baseline, 1, 2 and 4 hours. The majority of patients had meaningful response in both groups, but the Depacon™ group responded somewhat better, although not statistically significantly (P>0.05).

Table X shows the numbers and percentages of symptom free patients at 1, 2 and 4 hours.

TABLE VII Baseline Patient Characteristics DHE (N = 20) Depacon ® (N = 20) Gender Female   18 (90%)   17 (85%) Male   2 (10%)   3 (15%) Age in Years Mean (Range) 43.0 (14–71) 41.0 (14–73) Duration of Headache Mean (Range) in Hours 49.2 (24–96) 46.4 (24–75) Severity of Headache Moderate   8 (40%)   6 (30%) Severe   12 (60%)   14 (70%)

TABLE VII Responder Rate and Headache Severity* Baseline 1 hour 2 hours 4 hours Depacon 2.7 1.8 (50%) 1.5 (60%) 1.4 (60%) DHE 2.6 1.5 (45%) 1.4 (50%) 1.2 (60%)

TABLE IX Associated Symptomatology Baseline 1 hour 2 hours 4 hours Number (or %) of Patients Who Reported Nausea Depacon ® 15 (75%)  8 (53%)  8 (53%)  7 (47%) DHE 12 (60%)  5 (42%)  6 (50%)  6 (50%) Number (or %) of Patients Who Reported Photophobia Depacon ® 20 (100%) 14 (70%) 10 (50%)  9 (45%) DHE 12 20 (100%) 15 (75%) 13 (65%) 11 (55%) Number (or %) of Patients Who Reported Phonophobia Depacon ® 19 (95%) 14 (74%) 11 (58%) 10 (53%) DHE 12 18 (90%) 12 (67%) 12 (67%) 11 (61%)

TABLE X Symptom Free Patients in Each Group at 4 hours (no headache or associated symptomatology) Symptom Free Symptom Free Symptom Free at 1 hour at 2 hours at 4 hours Depacon ® (N = 20) 2 (10%) 3 (15%) 5 (25%) DHE (N = 20) 3 (15%) 5 (25%) 6 (30%)

-   Analysis. This study demonstrates that Depacon™ is an effective     symptomatic treatment for migraine headache and comparable in     efficacy to DHE. Depacon™ appears to act as an abortive migraine     medication, possibly by a GABAergic mechanism. (Cutrer et al. (1997)     Cephalalgia 17:93–100). Headache associated symptomatology responded     equally well and comparably to the combination of DHE and     metoclopramide. The cohort treated with Depacon™ was remarkably free     of adverse event; all were independent and returned to home after     receiving treatment. This is especially remarkable in view of the     fact that headache, nausea and vomiting are listed among the adverse     side effects associated with both divalproex sodium (Depakote™) and     intravenous valproate (Depacon™) treatments.

Depacon™ is FDA approved for treatment of epilepsy and has a favorable safety profile. We had no adverse events in any of the 20 patients receiving 500 mg Depacon™ given during 15 to 30 minutes infusion. In the typical migraineur who presents in a clinic or emergency room, Depacon™ could be used advantageously among those who have recently used an ergotamine or triptan, since there is no significant drug-drug interaction between Depacon™, ergotamine or triptan.

Divalproex sodium tablets (Depakote™) have been reported to be useful for preventative treatment of migraine headaches with or without aura, with several studies showing efficacy (Jensen et al. (1995) Arch Neurol. 52:281–286 and Hering and Kuritzky (1992) Cephalalgia 12:81–84). The FDA has approved Depakote™ for prevention of migraine headaches. However, the studies described herein (e.g., Examples 1–2) represent the first demonstration of the use of intravenous valproate, Depacon™, for abortive treatment of acute migraine headaches. This novel therapy offers a treatment option with little risk of drug-drug interaction or cardiovascular complications for migraine patients who have recently used an ergotomine or triptan.

In these pilot studies, Depacon™ is determined to be at least comparable to the traditional combination of DHE and metoclopramide in headache relief and associated symptomatologies. Although the DHE and metoclopramide were administered intramuscularly in this study, it is unlikely this method of administration affected the degree of relief, or time of action, for these patients compared to intravenous DHE and metoclopramide administration.

-   Conclusion. Depacon™ is equal to and in some respects superior to     dihydroergotamine therapy for abortive treatment of prolonged     moderate to severe acute migraine headache. Depacon™ offers an     effective therapy option when patients' egotamine or triptan use     presents the possibility of adverse drug interactions or     cardiovascular effects that may be consequent to dihydroergotamine     therapy (e.g., patients who have had use of ergotamine or triptan     within 24 hours prior to clinic or emergency room arrival). Depacon™     would not be associated with analgesic rebound, or patients'     inappropriate medication-seeking that the use of narcotic analgesics     can promote.     Equivalents

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

1. A method of treating acute migraine headache in an subject comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of intravenous valproate such that acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced in said subject, wherein about 250 mg to 750 mg of valproate is administered to a subject over 30 minutes to 1 hour.
 2. A method of treating acute migraine headache in an subject comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of intravenous valproate such that acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced in said subject, wherein about 250 mg to 750 mg of valproate is administered to a subject over 15 minutes to 30 minutes.
 3. A method of treating acute migraine headache in an subject comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of intravenous valproate such that acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced in said subject, wherein about 250 mg to 750 mg of valproate is administered to a subject over 5 minutes to 15 minutes.
 4. A method of treating acute migraine headache in an subject comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of intravenous valproate such that acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced in said subject, wherein about 250 mg to 750 mg of valproate is administered to a subject over 1 minute to 5 minutes.
 5. The method of any one of claims 1–4, wherein about 500 mg valproate is administered to the subject.
 6. The method of any one of claims 1–4, wherein administration is such that severity of acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced.
 7. A method of any one of claims 1–4, wherein administration is such that duration of acute migraine headache is lessened or reduced.
 8. The method of any one of claims 1–4, wherein administration is such that a symptom selected from the group consisting of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia is lessened or reduced.
 9. The method of any one of claims 1–4, wherein the valproate is administered to the subject in more than one dose. 